纽约时报中文网 - 中英对照版-中英众议院共和党人为何在大选前频繁对抗中国

The House this week tackled a long-promised package of bills to get tough on China, but few if any have a chance of becoming law after Republicans opted to prioritize a handful of politically divisive measures that Democrats oppose.

众议院本周处理了一项承诺已久的强硬对华一揽子法案，但由于共和党人选择优先考虑一些民主党人反对的具有政治分歧的措施，这些法案几乎没有成为法律的机会。

For months, House leaders had promised a bipartisan show of force against the United States’ biggest economic and military adversary, including curtailing investments in sensitive Chinese industries, clamping down on data theft and espionage, and ensuring more Chinese imports were subject to taxes and forced labor standards.

几个月来，众议院领导人承诺，两党要向美国最大的经济和军事对手展示力量，包括削减对中国敏感行业的投资，打击数据盗窃和间谍活动，并确保更多的中国进口产品受到税收和强制劳动标准的约束。

But only some of those proposals made it to the floor this week. Instead, Republican leaders added a handful of partisan measures that appear to be aimed at portraying their party as stronger on countering China and Democrats, including the Biden administration, as weak.

但这些法案在本周只有一部分得以在众议院通过。共和党领导人转而加入了一些只有本党支持的措施，似乎是为了把共和党描绘成在对抗中国方面更强硬的党派，而把包括拜登政府在内的民主党人描绘成软弱的党派。

It comes weeks before the elections in which the White House and control of Congress are up for grabs.

几周后，两党将通过选举争夺白宫和国会的控制权。

“Because the White House has chosen not to confront China and protect America’s interests, House Republicans will,” Speaker Mike Johnson, Republican of Louisiana, told reporters on Tuesday.

“因为白宫选择不对抗中国、不保护美国的利益，众议院共和党人将挺身而出，”路易斯安那州共和党议长迈克·约翰逊周二对记者说。

Here’s a look at what the House did, and why.

以下是众议院的作为及原因。

Subjecting international pandemic agreements to Senate treaty approval.

规定国际大流行病协议应得到参议院审批。

Republicans, who have castigated the World Health Organization for its response to the coronavirus pandemic, pushed through a bill that would require Senate ratification of any W.H.O. agreement on pandemic preparedness.

一直批评世界卫生组织的新冠病毒大流行应对的共和党人，推动通过了一项法案，要求任何世卫组织关于大流行防范的协议都需要得到参议院批准。

“This is nothing more than an international power grab by leftist elitists who hate America, want to infringe upon individual privacy and seek to attack the fundamental principles of American self-governance and self-determination,” Representative Bob Good, Republican of Virginia, said during the debate.

“这不过是仇恨美国、想要侵犯个人隐私、试图攻击美国自治和自决基本原则的左翼精英在进行国际层面的夺权，”弗吉尼亚州共和党众议员鲍勃·古德在辩论中说。

All but four Democrats opposed the measure, which passed by a vote of 219 to 199, arguing that the United States must work with the W.H.O. to prevent the next pandemic.

该法案以219票对199票通过，民主党人只有四人支持，其他全部反对。他们认为，美国必须与世卫组织合作，防止下一次大流行。

Reviving a defunct Trump-era initiative to curb Chinese espionage.

恢复特朗普时代启动的一个现已中止的中国间谍活动遏制行动计划。

The two parties also largely split over a measure to revive and rebrand the Justice Department’s “China Initiative,” a Trump-era program that sought to curb Chinese espionage in the United States. The Biden administration ended the program in 2022 amid complaints that it had been used unfairly to target people of Chinese descent.

两党在恢复和重塑司法部“中国行动计划”的措施上也存在很大分歧，这是特朗普时代的一个项目，旨在遏制中国在美国的间谍活动。拜登政府于2022年终止了该项目，原因是有人抱怨该项目被不公平地用于针对华裔。

Democrats argued that the program had discouraged talented Chinese engineers and researchers from moving to American companies and universities, but Republicans said there was no evidence that it had led to any bias or prejudice against people of Chinese descent.

民主党人认为，该计划阻碍了有才华的中国工程师和研究人员前往美国公司和大学，但共和党人表示，没有证据表明该计划导致了对华裔的任何偏见或成见。

The measure passed 237 to 180, with 23 Democrats and all Republicans in support.

该法案以237票对180票通过，23名民主党人和所有共和党人表示支持。

Taking aim at electric vehicle tax credits.

针对电动汽车税收抵免。

Only seven Democrats joined Republicans to support a bill to bar people who purchase electric vehicles that contain parts made or assembled by an entity of China, Russia, North Korea or Iran from receiving tax credits.

这项只有七名民主党人和全体共和党人一起支持的法案禁止含中国、俄罗斯、朝鲜或伊朗实体制造或组装零部件的电动汽车获得购买税收抵免。

Democrats argued that the measure would undermine the Biden administration’s efforts to transition the country to cleaner vehicles.

民主党人认为，这项措施将破坏拜登政府将国家过渡到更清洁汽车的努力。

Limiting Chinese ownership of farmland and university partnerships.

限制中国人拥有农田和与大学建立伙伴关系。

Dozens of Democrats broke with their party and supported Republican bills that would restrict the sale of agricultural land to foreign nationals from Russia, China, North Korea and Iran, and would withhold certain federal funds from universities partnering with Beijing-backed research institutes.

数十名民主党人脱离自己的党派，转而支持共和党的法案，这些法案将限制向来自俄罗斯、中国、朝鲜和伊朗的外国人出售农业用地，此外与北京支持的研究机构合作的大学将被停止拨发部分联邦经费。

Fifty-five Democrats joined all but one Republican to endorse the farmland measure, which critics warned could lead to scapegoating immigrants.

55名民主党人，以及除一名共和党人之外的所有共和党人支持这项农田措施。批评人士警告说，这项法案可能会导致移民成为替罪羊。

“This opens the door to treating immigrants as national security threats solely because of their country of origin,” said Representative Mark Takano, Democrat of California.

“这为仅仅因为移民的原籍国就将其视为国家安全威胁打开了大门，”加州民主党众议员马克·高野（音）说。

Thirty-six Democrats joined Republicans to support a measure restricting federal funding for universities that partner with Confucius Institutes, which Representative August Pfluger, Republican of Texas, charged have conducted “widespread military espionage inside the United States.”

36名民主党人与共和党人一道，支持一项限制与孔子学院合作的大学获得联邦经费的措施。得克萨斯州共和党众议员奥古斯特·弗卢格指控孔子学院“在美国境内进行了广泛的军事间谍活动”。

Narrow limits on biotechnology companies and drone equipment won broad support.

对生物技术公司和无人机设备的小范围限制赢得了广泛支持。

Lawmakers in both parties banded together on the Biosecure Act, which would bar federal support for biotechnology companies that collect Americans’ genetic data.

两党议员联合通过了《生物安全法案》，该法案将禁止联邦政府支持收集美国人基因数据的生物技术公司。

There was also unanimous support for bills to prevent the use of drone surveillance equipment produced by DJI Technologies, a Chinese manufacturer that the U.S. government has accused of conducting widespread human rights abuses and providing sensitive data to Beijing; to prevent the purchase of Chinese-made batteries by the Department of Homeland Security; and to beef up export controls.

美国两党议员还一致支持防止使用大疆创新科技公司生产的无人机监控设备的法案——政府指控该公司广泛侵犯人权并向中国政府提供敏感数据；阻止国土安全部购买中国制造的电池；以及加强出口管制。

Republicans omitted major issues amid industry pushback and internal turf battles.

在行业阻力和内部争斗的背景下，共和党人忽略了一些重大问题。

Mr. Johnson signaled this summer that the House could tackle two ambitious measures that did not make it to the floor this week: a bill to restrict outbound investments in sensitive Chinese sectors and another to lower the price threshold at which imports from Beijing are subject to taxes and forced labor standards, known as de minimis rules.

约翰逊今年夏天表示，众议院可能会处理两项雄心勃勃的措施，但本周两项法案皆未能进入表决程序：其中一项试图限制对中国敏感行业的对外投资，另一项是降低从中国进口商品需缴纳税款和强制劳动标准的价格门槛，即所谓的最小比例原则。

The outbound investment initiative is mired in a standoff between the House Foreign Affairs Committee and the Financial Services Committee about enforcement mechanisms. The legislation addressing de minimis rules has run into an onslaught of lobbying from shipping companies and retailers that generate significant revenue from cheaper Chinese goods.

众议院外交事务委员会和金融服务委员会在对外投资法案的执行机制上僵持不下。最小比例原则立法则遭遇了船运公司和零售商的猛烈游说，这些公司从更廉价的中国商品中获得了可观的收入。

“China Week is weak on China,” said Representative Raja Krishnamoorthi, Democrat of Illinois and the ranking member of the China panel. “What’s weak about this package is what’s not in there.”

“这个中国周在中国问题上很软，”伊利诺伊州民主党众议员、中国问题小组的资深成员拉贾·克里希纳莫西说。“这一揽子方案软在哪里，要看它漏掉了哪些东西。”