纽约时报中文网 - 中英对照版-中英中国如何用边境村庄建起新长城

Qionglin New Village sits deep in the Himalayas, just three miles from a region where a heavy military buildup and confrontations between Chinese and Indian troops have brought fears of a border war.

琼林新村坐落在喜马拉雅山深处，大约五公里之外，中印军队的大规模军事集结和对峙引发了对边境战争的担忧。

The land was once an empty valley, more than 10,000 feet above the sea, traversed only by local hunters. Then Chinese officials built Qionglin, a village of cookie-cutter homes and finely paved roads, and paid people to move there from other settlements.

这片土地曾经是一座空旷的山谷，海拔超过3000米，只有当地的猎人会经过这里。后来，中国官员修建了琼林村，并花钱让人们从其他定居点搬到这里。村中的房子全都一个样，道路修得很好。

China’s leader, Xi Jinping, calls such people “border guardians.” Qionglin’s villagers are essentially sentries on the front line of China’s claim to Arunachal Pradesh, India’s easternmost state, which Beijing insists is part of Chinese-ruled Tibet.

中国领导人习近平称这些人是“国土的守护者”。琼林村的村民实际上是中国对印度最东部阿鲁纳恰尔邦主权主张的前线哨兵，北京坚持认为阿鲁纳恰尔邦是中国统治的西藏的一部分。

Many villages like Qionglin have sprung up. In China’s west, they give its sovereignty a new, undeniable permanence along boundaries contested by India, Bhutan and Nepal. In its north, the settlements bolster security and promote trade with Central Asia. In the south, they guard against the flow of drugs and crime from Southeast Asia.

许多像琼林这样的村庄应运而生。在中国西部，这样的定居点沿中国与印度、不丹和尼泊尔有争议的边界建立起来，为中国主权赋予了一种全新的、不可否认的永久性。在北部，这样的定居点加强了安全，促进了与中亚的贸易。在南部，这样的定居点防范着来自东南亚的毒品和犯罪。

The buildup is the clearest sign that Mr. Xi is using civilian settlements to quietly solidify China’s control in far-flung frontiers, just as he has with fishing militias and islands in the disputed South China Sea.

这些建设是习近平利用平民定居点悄悄巩固中国对遥远边境控制的最明显迹象，就像他在有争议的南海采取的渔民民兵和人工岛屿措施。

The New York Times mapped and analyzed settlements along China’s border to create the first detailed visual representation of how the country has reshaped its frontiers with strategic civilian outposts, in just eight years.

《纽约时报》对中国边境沿线的定居点进行了测绘和分析，首次详细地以视觉方式呈现了中国在短短八年内如何通过战略性的民用前哨重塑边境。

Working with the artificial intelligence company RAIC Labs, which scanned satellite images of China’s entire land border captured by Planet Labs, The Times identified the locations of new villages and checked them against historical images, state media, social media posts and public records.

人工智能公司RAIC实验室扫描了行星实验室(Planet Labs)拍摄的中国整个陆地边界的卫星图像，时报与RAIC实验室合作，确定了新村庄的位置，并将它们与历史图像、官方媒体、社交媒体帖子和公共记录进行了对照。

The mapping reveals that China has put at least one village near every accessible Himalayan pass that borders India, as well as on most of the passes bordering Bhutan and Nepal, according to Matthew Akester, an independent researcher on Tibet, and Robert Barnett, a professor from SOAS University of London. Mr. Akester and Mr. Barnett, who have studied Tibet’s border villages for years, reviewed The Times’s findings.

西藏问题独立研究者马修·阿克斯特和伦敦SOAS大学教授罗伯特·巴内特称，地图显示，中国在与印度接壤的每个喜马拉雅山口附近，以及与不丹和尼泊尔接壤的大部分山口上都至少建有一个村庄。两人多年来一直在研究西藏的边境村庄，他们对时报的调查结果做了评议。

The outposts are civilian in nature, but they also provide China’s military with roads, access to the internet and power, should it want to move troops quickly to the border. Villagers serve as eyes and ears in remote areas, discouraging intruders or runaways.

虽然这些前哨站点本质上是民用的，但它们也为中国军队提供了快速调动部队至边境的道路、互联网和电力服务。村民在偏远地区充当耳目，阻止入侵者或逃亡者。

“China does not want outsiders to be able to walk across the border for any distance without being challenged by its security personnel or citizens,” Mr. Akester said.

阿克斯特说：“中国不希望外国人在不受中方安全人员或公民喝停盘查的情况下随意跨越边境。”

The buildup of settlements fuels anxiety in the region about Beijing’s ambitions. The threat of conflict is ever present: Deadly clashes have broken out along the border between troops from India and China since 2020, and tens of thousands of soldiers from both sides remain on a war footing.

定居点的增加加剧了该地区对北京野心的焦虑。冲突的威胁始终存在：自2020年以来，印中军队在边境地区爆发了数起致命冲突，双方数万名士兵仍处于备战状态。

China’s Eyes and Ears

中国的耳目

The first signs of Mr. Xi’s ambitions emerged in 2017, when state media told the story of a letter he wrote to two Tibetan sisters in the remote village of Yume, in a region near Arunachal Pradesh that is blanketed by deep snow for more than half the year.

习近平的雄心壮志于2017年初现端倪，当时官方媒体报道了他给偏远村庄玉麦乡的两名藏族姐妹写的一封信。玉麦乡位于阿鲁纳恰尔邦附近，一年有大半年的时间被大雪覆盖。

He praised their family for having protected the area for China for decades, despite the inhospitable terrain: “I hope you continue your spirit as a patriot and border guardian.”

他赞扬她们一家几十年来不顾地形恶劣，为中国守护这片土地：“希望你们继续传承爱国守边的精神。”

Over the next few years, workers built dozens of new homes in Yume, and officials moved over 200 people there.

在接下来的几年里，工人们在玉麦建造了几十座新房，官员们把200多人迁往那里。

Yume, also known as Yumai in Chinese, is among at least 90 new villages and expanded settlements that have sprung up in Tibet since 2016, when China began outlining its border village plan in the region, The Times found. In neighboring Xinjiang and Yunnan, The Times identified six new and 59 expanded border villages. (China says there are hundreds of villages like them, but few details are available and many appear to be mere upgrades of existing villages.)

时报发现，自2016年中国开始制定该地区的边境村庄规划以来，西藏出现了至少90个新建村庄和扩建的定居点，玉麦是其中之一。在邻近的新疆和云南，时报确定了六个新建边境村庄和59个扩建边境村庄。（中国声称这样的村庄有数百个，但相关细节不多，许多村庄似乎只是对原有村庄的升级改造。）

Of the new villages The Times identified in Tibet, one is on land claimed by India, though within China’s de facto border; 11 other settlements are in areas contested by Bhutan. Some of those 11 villages are near the Doklam region, the site of a standoff between troops from India and China in 2017 over Chinese attempts to extend a road.

时报在西藏确定的新村庄中，有一个位于印度声称拥有主权的土地上，尽管它位于中国实际控制的边界内；还有11个定居点位于中国同不丹存在争议的地区。这11个村庄中，有一些靠近洞朗地区。2017年，印中军队曾因中国试图修建一条公路而在这里发生过对峙。

China makes clear that the villages are there for security. In 2020, a leader of a Tibetan border county told state media that he was relocating more than 3,000 people to frontier areas that were “weakly controlled, disputed or empty.”

中国明确表示，这些村庄是为了安全而建。2020年，西藏边境一个县的领导告诉官方媒体，他将把3000多人转移到边境的“控制薄弱区、争议带、空白点”。

Brahma Chellaney, a strategic affairs analyst based in New Delhi, said that in quietly building militarized villages in disputed borderlands, China is replicating on land an expansionist approach that it has used successfully in the South China Sea.

新德里的战略事务分析师布拉玛·切拉尼表示，中国在有争议的边境地区悄悄建设军事化村庄，是在陆地上复制其在南中国海成功使用过的扩张做法。

“What stands out is the speed and stealth with which China is redrawing facts on the ground, with little regard for the geopolitical fallout,” Mr. Chellaney said. “China has been planting settlers in whole new stretches of the Himalayan frontier with India and making them its first line of defense.”

“引人注目的是，中国正在迅速而隐秘地重绘当地的事实，几乎不考虑地缘政治后果，”切拉尼说。“中国一直在喜马拉雅山与印度交界的全新地带安插定居者，将其作为第一道防线。”

In a written response to The Times, Liu Pengyu, a spokesman for the Chinese Embassy in Washington, said that in dealing with border issues with its neighbors, “China always strives to find fair and reasonable solutions through peaceful and friendly consultations.”

中国驻华盛顿大使馆发言人刘鹏宇在给时报的书面回复中表示，在处理与邻国的边界问题时，“中国始终致力于通过和平友好协商，寻求公平合理的解决方案。”

India and Bhutan did not respond to requests for comment about the buildup. Indian officials have previously noted “infrastructure construction activity” by China along the border. Local leaders in Arunachal Pradesh and Ladakh have complained to The Times that China was slowly cutting away small pieces of Indian territory.

印度和不丹没有回应相关的置评请求。印度官员此前曾指出中国在边境沿线的“基础设施建设活动”。 阿鲁纳恰尔邦和拉达克的地方领导人曾向时报抱怨说，中国正在一点点地逐步蚕食印度的领土。

India has responded with what it calls “Vibrant Villages,” a campaign that aims to revive hundreds of villages along the border.

印度以所谓“活力村庄”作为回应，这是一项旨在复兴边境沿线数以百计村庄的运动。

But China is outbuilding India, says Brian Hart, an analyst for the China Power Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, or C.S.I.S., who recently co-authored a report on border villages in Tibet.

战略与国际研究中心中国力量项目的分析师布莱恩·哈特最近与人合作撰写了一份关于西藏边境村庄的报告，他说，中国的建设速度超过了印度。

Among other findings, the C.S.I.S. report identified what appeared to be a militarized facility in one such village, known as Migyitun, or Zhari in Chinese, an indication of the settlements’ dual-use nature. The Times studied satellite images of the same village and identified military trucks and tents, as well as what appeared to be a shooting range nearby.

在报告的诸多发现中，国际战略研究中心还确认其中一个村庄扎日(Migyitun)内似乎建有军事设施，这表明这些定居点具有双重用途。《纽约时报》对该村庄的卫星图像进行了研究，发现了军用卡车和帐篷以及附近疑似射击场的设施。

The villages also serve as propaganda: a display of Chinese strength and superiority in the region, said Jing Qian, co-founder of the Center for China Analysis at the Asia Society.

亚洲协会政策研究院中国分析中心联合创始人钱镜说，这些村庄本身也是一种宣传手段：展示中国在该地区的优势和优势。

“They want the Indians, Central Asians and others to see and think that Chinese villages are so good, that the China model is working very well.”

“他们希望印度人、中亚人和其他人看到并认为中国村庄非常好，中国模式非常有效。”

Uncertain Future, Unforgiving Terrain

不确定的未来和恶劣的地形

The slice of the Himalayas where many Chinese villages have sprung up has been largely uninhabited for good reason. Its rocky, icy terrain is particularly forbidding in winter, with roads buried many months of the year by deep snow. The air is thin and cold. The land is barren, making farming difficult.

喜马拉雅山脉的这片地区涌现出了许多中国村庄，但此前这里大部分地区无人居住，这是有原因的。这里多岩石和冰雪覆盖的地形在冬季尤其险峻，一年中有好几个月道路都被厚厚的积雪覆盖。空气稀薄而寒冷。土地贫瘠，难以耕种。

To persuade residents to move there, Chinese Communist Party officials promised them their new homes would be cheap. They would receive annual subsidies and get paid extra if they took part in border patrols. Chinese propaganda outlets said the government would provide jobs and help promote local businesses and tourism. The villages would come with paved roads, internet connections, schools and clinics.

为了说服居民搬到那里，中共官员向他们承诺，新房子会很便宜。他们每年都将获得补贴，如果参加边境巡逻，还会得到额外报酬。中国的宣传机构称，政府将提供就业机会，帮助促进当地企业和旅游业的发展。这些村庄将有柏油路、互联网连接、学校和诊所。

A local government document reviewed by The Times indicated that some villagers may be receiving around 20,000 Chinese yuan a year for relocation, less than $3,000. One resident reached by phone said he earned an extra $250 a month by patrolling the border.

《纽约时报》看到的一份当地政府文件显示，一些村民每年可获得约2万元人民币的搬迁补偿。一位居民通过电话说，边境巡逻每月还能让他额外赚约1800元人民币。

But it is unclear whether the villages make economic sense.

但目前尚不清楚这些村庄是否具备经济上的合理性。

The residents become dependent on the subsidies because there are few other ways to make a living, according to Mr. Akester, the independent expert.

独立专家阿克斯特表示，当地居民之所以依赖补贴，是因为几乎没有其他谋生方式。

China’s relocation policy is also a form of social engineering, designed to assimilate minority groups like the Tibetans into the mainstream. Tibetans, who are largely Buddhist, have historically resisted the Communist Party’s intrusive controls on their religion and way of life.

中国的搬迁政策也是一种社会工程，旨在将藏族等少数民族融入主流社会。藏族大部分是佛教徒，历来抵制共产党对其宗教和生活方式的干涉性控制。

Images from the villages suggest that religious life is largely absent. Buddhist monasteries and temples are seemingly nowhere to be found. Instead, national flags and portraits of Mr. Xi are everywhere, on light poles, living room walls and balcony railings.

来自这些村庄的照片表明，当地基本不存在宗教生活。佛教寺院和庙宇似乎无处可寻，反而到处可见国旗和习近平的肖像，挂在灯柱上、客厅墙壁上和阳台栏杆上。

“They want to transform the landscape and the population,” Mr. Akester said.

“他们想改变景观和人口，”阿克斯特说。

Over the years, the government has pushed many nomadic Tibetans to sell their yaks and sheep, leave the grasslands and move into houses, but often without clear ways for them to survive. Instead of herding, residents have to work for wages.

多年来，政府迫使许多游牧藏人卖掉牦牛和绵羊，离开草原搬进房屋，但往往没有给他们提供明确的谋生方式。居民们不得不以打工为生，而不是放牧。

Interviews suggest that many nomads who have moved to the new villages are reluctant to adapt. Some herd yaks for half the year in the mountains; others return to their old homes to live for months at a time.

采访显示，许多迁入新村落的牧民不愿适应新环境。有些人在山上放牧牦牛半年；还有人则回老家一住便是几个月。

Residents are often not told about the challenges that moving can entail, Mr. Barnett said, including having to spend more to travel to towns and on electricity, water, food and other essentials.

巴内特说，居民们往往没有被告知搬迁可能带来的挑战，包括为了前往城镇得花更多钱，以及在电力、水、食物和其他必需品上开销的增加。

“The major problem is they are moving them from one lifestyle to another,” he said. “They end up with no capital, no usable skills, no sellable skills and no cultural familiarity.”

“主要问题是当局把他们从一种生活方式转换到另一种生活方式，”他说。“结果就是这些居民没有资本，没有可用的技能，没有可赚钱的技能，也没有文化上的熟悉感。”

When money isn’t enough, Chinese officials have applied pressure on residents to relocate, an approach that was evident even in state propaganda reports.

当金钱无法说服他们时，中国官员就会向居民施加压力，逼迫他们搬迁，这种方法甚至在官方宣传报道中也很明显。

A documentary aired by the state broadcaster, CCTV, showed how a Chinese official went to Dokha, a village in Tibet, to persuade residents to move to a new village called Duolonggang, 10 miles from Arunachal Pradesh.

在官方电视台CCTV播出的一部纪录片中，一位中国官员前往西藏的多卡村，说服居民搬到距离阿鲁纳恰尔邦约16公里一个名叫多龙岗的新村庄。

He encountered some resistance. Tenzin, a lay Buddhist practitioner, insisted that Dokha’s land was fertile, producing oranges and other fruit. “We can feed ourselves without government subsidies,” he said.

他遇到了一些阻力。佛教居士丁增坚称多卡村的土地肥沃，可以种出来橘子和其他水果。“不用国家给钱，我们也能自给自足，”他说。

The official criticized Tenzin for “using his age and religious status to obstruct relocation,” according to a state media article cited by Human Rights Watch in a report.

据人权观察在一份报告中引用的一篇官方媒体文章称，该官员批评丁增“利用他的年龄和宗教地位阻碍搬迁”。

In the end, all 143 residents of Dokha moved to the new settlement.

最终，多卡村所有143名居民都搬到了新定居点。