纽约时报中文网 - 中英对照版-中英三名中国顶尖游泳运动员被披露两次药检呈阳性

After the revelation in April that 23 elite Chinese swimmers had tested positive for a banned substance months before the last Summer Olympic Games, China and the global antidoping authority vigorously defended their decisions to allow them to compete in the Games in 2021. The swimmers, they insisted, had not been doping.

今年4月，23名中国顶尖游泳运动员在上届夏季奥运会前几个月药检呈阳性的消息曝光。在那之后，中国和全球反兴奋剂机构极力捍卫允许他们参加2021年奥运会的决定。他们坚称这些游泳运动员没有服用兴奋剂。

But as they made those claims, China and the antidoping authority were both aware that three of those 23 swimmers had tested positive several years earlier for a different performance-enhancing drug and had escaped being publicly identified and suspended in that case as well, according to a secret report reviewed by The New York Times.

但据《纽约时报》看到的一份秘密报告显示，中国和全球反兴奋剂机构在做出上述表态的同时，都知道这23名游泳运动员中有三人在几年前曾被检测出服用了另一种提高成绩的药物，但他们的身份没有公布，也没有因此而禁赛。

In both instances, China claimed that the swimmers had unwittingly ingested the banned substances, an explanation viewed with considerable skepticism by some antidoping experts. The two incidents add to longstanding suspicions among rival athletes about what they see as a pattern of Chinese doping and the unwillingness or inability of the global authority, the World Anti-Doping Agency, to deal with it.

在这两起事件中，中国都声称这些游泳运动员在不知情的情况下摄入了违禁药物，一些反兴奋剂专家对解释持十分怀疑的态度。这两起事件加剧了竞争对手长期以来的怀疑，即他们认为的中国使用兴奋剂的模式，而世界反兴奋剂机构不愿或是没有能力来处理这一问题。

The three Chinese athletes revealed to have tested positive earlier, in 2016 and 2017, were no ordinary swimmers: Two would go on to win gold medals at the Tokyo Olympic Games in 2021, and the third is now a world-record holder. All three are expected to contend for medals again at the Paris Games in July.

这三名被披露在2016年和2017年的药检中呈阳性的中国运动员并非普通的游泳选手：其中两人后来在2021年东京奥运会上夺得金牌，第三人现在是世界纪录保持者。这三人预计将在7月的巴黎奥运会上再次争夺奖牌。

Antidoping experts say that if Chinese officials and WADA had abided by existing rules with both sets of positive tests, the athletes would have been publicly identified and subject to further scrutiny, and could have been disqualified from the 2021 Olympics, and possibly the Games that open in Paris next month.

反兴奋剂专家表示，如果中国官员和世界反兴奋剂机构在两组药检呈阳性的情况下遵守现有规则，这些运动员的身份应该被公布并接受进一步调查，并可能被取消参加2021年奥运会的资格，甚至可能被取消参加下个月在巴黎开幕的奥运会的资格。

“Athletes we have spoken to are appalled with the antidoping system and WADA,” said Rob Koehler, the director general of Global Athlete, a group working for athletes’ rights. “Athletes are expected to follow the antidoping rules to a T, but yet the very organization holding them accountable does not have to.”

“我们采访过的运动员对反兴奋剂系统和世界反兴奋剂机构感到震惊，”从事运动员权利工作的组织“全球运动员”总干事罗布·科勒说。“运动员需要严格遵守反兴奋剂规则，但负责追究他们责任的组织却不必照章行事。”

In a statement to The New York Times, WADA confirmed that the three Chinese swimmers had tested positive for what it called “trace amounts” of a banned steroid, clenbuterol. It blamed the 2016 and 2017 cases on food contamination, which it labeled “pervasive.” It published its lengthy response online at the same time it was emailed to The Times.

世界反兴奋剂机构在给《纽约时报》的一份声明中证实，三名中国游泳运动员被检测出含有所谓的“微量”违禁类固醇克伦特罗。该机构将2016年和2017年的事件归咎于食品污染，称其“普遍存在”。该机构在网上发布了冗长的回应，同时通过电子邮件将其发给了《纽约时报》。

“The issue of contamination is real and well-known by the antidoping community,” the WADA director general, Olivier Niggli, said.

“食品污染问题是真实存在的，反兴奋剂界也都知道，”世界反兴奋剂机构总干事奥利维尔·尼格利说。

“The athletes in question were three such cases,” he added. “They were elite level swimmers who were tested on a very frequent basis in a country where meat contamination with clenbuterol is widespread so it is hardly surprising that they could be among the hundreds of athletes who also tested positive for tiny amounts of the substance.”

“涉案的三个运动员就是这种情况，”他补充道。“他们是顶尖级别的游泳运动员，在一个肉类普遍受到克伦特罗污染的国家，他们接受检测的频率非常高，因此他们可能是数以百计检测出微量克伦特罗的运动员之一，这并不奇怪。”

WADA described the athletes’ levels of clenbuterol as “so low that they were between six and 50 times lower than the minimum reporting level.” But neither the agency nor Mr. Niggli offered any explanation for why the swimmers were not publicly identified for having any amount in their systems.

世界反兴奋剂机构称，这些运动员体内的克伦特罗水平“非常低，是需要报告的最低水平的1/6～1/50”。但对于为什么没有公开这些体内含有克伦特罗的游泳运动员身份，该机构和尼格利都没有作出解释。

World Aquatics, the global governing body for swimming, also confirmed on Friday that the three Chinese swimmers had previously tested positive for clenbuterol.

全球游泳类运动管理机构世界水上运动周五也证实这三名中国游泳运动员此前的克伦特罗检测呈阳性。

“We can confirm that there were positive tests for clenbuterol in 2016 and 2017 that involved Chinese athletes,” the group said in a statement. The group, previously known as FINA, said it had found records of the positive tests in its archives from a period when it had a different management team.

“我们可以证实，在2016年和2017年，有中国运动员克伦特罗检测呈阳性，”该机构在一份声明中表示。该机构（前身为国际泳联）表示在该组织档案中发现了这些药检呈阳性的记录，当时该组织的管理层与现在不同。

“If any information comes to light which suggests that the cases should have been dealt with differently, then we will, of course, look at it very carefully,” the group said, adding that it expects to publish findings of an antidoping audit review in the next few weeks, including “clear guidelines on how similar cases should be handled in future.”

“如果有任何信息表明这些事件应该以不同的方式处理，那么我们当然会非常仔细地调查，”该机构表示，并补充说，预计将在未来几周内公布反兴奋剂审计复核的结果，包括“关于未来如何处理类似事件的明确指导方针”。

The details about the positive tests in 2016 and 2017 were included in a confidential report written by Chinese antidoping authorities that was used to clear the 23 swimmers in 2021, and given to WADA at the time.

中国反兴奋剂机构撰写的一份机密报告中包含了2016年和2017年阳性检测的细节，该报告于2021年用于为23名游泳运动员洗脱罪名，并在当时交给了世界反兴奋剂机构。

The Chinese argued in the report that the 23 swimmers had been unknowingly contaminated with a heart medication that was somehow present in meals prepared for them at a domestic competition. That theory rested on the claim that two months after the positive tests, Chinese investigators had discovered trace amounts of the medication, trimetazidine, known as TMZ, in the kitchen of the hotel where the swimmers had stayed.

中国在报告中称，这23名游泳运动员在不知情的情况下受到一种心脏病药物污染，该药物不知何故出现在为他们准备的国内比赛膳食中。这一理论的依据是，在阳性检测结果出现两个月后，中国调查人员在游泳运动员下榻酒店的厨房里发现了微量的曲美他嗪药物（简称TMZ）。

TMZ, which can help athletes increase stamina and endurance and hasten recovery times, is in a category of performance-enhancing drugs that comes with the harshest penalties.

TMZ可以帮助运动员加强体力和耐力，加快恢复时间，属于提高成绩的药物之一，使用者会受到最严厉的惩罚。

To bolster the argument that contamination was a real possibility, the Chinese document cited other “mass incidents” in which 12 Chinese water polo players and 13 other athletes had been unwittingly contaminated with banned substances because of food they had eaten. Among those earlier cases, the Chinese said, were the incidents in 2016 and 2017 in which the three top swimmers had tested positive for clenbuterol.

为了证明污染确实存在的可能性，这份中国文件列举了其他“群体性事件”，其中12名中国水球运动员和13名其他项目运动员在不知情的情况下，从食物中受到禁药污染。中方表示，在这些早期案例中，包括2016年和2017年三名顶级游泳运动员在克伦特罗检测中结果呈阳性的事件。

But in citing those earlier cases, the Chinese only raised more questions about their history of dealing with positive tests.

但是，中方引用这些早期案例，只会让人对他们处理阳性检测结果的历史产生更多疑问。

Under established protocols for such tests at the time, even if the results were believed to have been caused by meat contamination, China and WADA would still have had to publicly identify the athletes and investigate the source of the contamination. There is no indication that those steps were followed in any of the cases documented by the Chinese.

根据当时对此类检测的既定协议，即使检测结果被认为由肉类污染引起的，中国和世界反兴奋剂机构仍必须公开确认运动员的身份，并调查污染来源。没有迹象表明在中国记录的案例中都遵循了这些步骤。

Clenbuterol was for years popular among athletes because it can reduce weight and promote muscle growth. Because of its effectiveness in boosting athletic performance, WADA includes it in a category of drugs that come with the harshest penalties, including four-year bans from competition.

克伦特罗多年来在运动员中很受欢迎，因为它可以减轻体重、促进肌肉生长。由于它在提高运动员成绩方面的有效性，世界反兴奋剂机构将其列为处罚最严厉的药物类别，处罚包括禁赛四年。

At the same time, it is also used in some parts of the world to promote growth in livestock. That has led to contamination cases involving athletes who eat meat from animals treated with it — a phenomenon that China’s antidoping agency detailed in a presentation that is still available on WADA’s website.

与此同时，在世界上的一些地方，它也被用来促进牲畜生长。这导致了一些污染事件，动物如果使用过该药物，食用其肉的运动员有可能受到波及——中国反兴奋剂机构在一份报告中详细描述了该现象，该报告仍可在世界反兴奋剂机构的网站上找到。

The Chinese antidoping agency did not respond to questions from The Times.

中国反兴奋剂机构没有回应时报的提问。

WADA — which is supposed to guard against countries that fail to police doping by their athletes — took Chinese officials at their word in 2021 that the 23 swimmers had done nothing wrong. It did not conduct its own investigation in China, and it allowed Chinada, the Chinese antidoping agency, to sidestep rules and processes that others are obligated to follow as it cleared the athletes.

世界反兴奋剂机构的职责是防范那些未能对运动员服用兴奋剂进行监管的国家。该机构在2021年听信了中国官员的说法，同意这23名游泳运动员没有做错任何事。国际奥委会没有在中国开展自己的调查，并允许中国反兴奋剂中心绕过其他机构有义务遵守的规则和程序，为这些运动员开脱。

The lack of action from WADA, which has cited coronavirus restrictions as an explanation, paved the way for China to send the 23 swimmers to the Summer Olympic Games in 2021, where nearly half of its team was made up of athletes who had tested positive for TMZ. At the Games, Chinese swimmers who had tested positive won medals in five events, including three golds.

世界反兴奋剂机构以新冠病毒限制为理由没有采取行动，这为中国派这23名游泳运动员参加2021年夏季奥运会铺平了道路，近一半的中国奥运游泳队员在TMZ检测中结果为阳性。在那届奥运会上，药检呈阳性的中国游泳运动员在五项比赛中获得奖牌，其中包括三枚金牌。

After the revelations, WADA and swimming’s governing body both announced reviews of the handling of the cases. But that has only raised new concerns. WADA, already under fire from athletes and coaches, was forced to address claims that its handpicked prosecutor lacked independence. World Aquatics, meanwhile, faced accusations from a member of its own antidoping advisory group that it had been “inexplicably and forcibly shut out of the review.”

事件曝光后，世界反兴奋剂机构和游泳管理机构都宣布对案件的处理进行审查。但这只会引发新的担忧。世界反兴奋剂机构已受到运动员和教练抨击，还要被迫回应关于其指定检察官缺乏独立性的说法。与此同时，世界水上运动协会面临着该协会反兴奋剂咨询小组一名成员的指责，称该小组“莫名其妙地被强行排除在审查之外”。

Amid the outcry, WADA officials have sought to defend themselves in a range of public and private briefings, including a conference call with journalists, a forum with hundreds of athletes and a hurriedly scheduled video call with its own board members.

在一片非难声中，世界反兴奋剂机构官员试图在一系列公开和私下的简报会上为自己辩护，其中包括与记者的电话会议、有数以百计运动员参加的论坛，以及仓促安排的与本机构董事会成员的视频通话。

On one such call, WADA’s general counsel, Ross Wenzel, looked directly into his computer camera and told board members that there had been no doping by the Chinese swimmers.

在其中一次这样的电话会议中，世界反兴奋剂机构的总法律顾问罗斯·温泽尔直视电脑摄像头，告诉董事会成员，中国游泳运动员没有服用兴奋剂。

While it is unclear how much Mr. Wenzel knew about details in the Chinada report that had been shared with WADA, he and other agency officials have repeatedly supported their decision to clear the swimmers by pointing to a powerful statistic: None of the Chinese swimmers, Mr. Wenzel told the board members, had produced a doping positive result in the three years before the 2021 incident, despite being “subject to significant, if not to say massive, testing.”

温泽尔对中国反兴奋剂中心与世界反兴奋剂机构分享的报告中的细节了解多少，目前尚不清楚，但他和其他机构官员一再通过一个有力的统计数据来支持为游泳运动员洗脱罪名的决定：温泽尔告诉董事会成员，在2021年事件发生前的三年里，这些中国游泳运动员中无一人兴奋剂检测结果呈阳性，尽管他们“接受了大量检测”。

What Mr. Wenzel did not share in those meetings in April and early May was the swimmers’ doping records before 2018. But WADA — which had been given the secret Chinese report in 2021 — had by then known for years that China had cleared the three swimmers with clenbuterol positives in 2016 and 2017.

温泽尔在4月和5月初的会议上没有透露这些游泳运动员在2018年之前的兴奋剂记录。但世界反兴奋剂机构在2021年就收到了中国的秘密报告，这些年来，该机构已经知道，中国在2016年和2017年为三名克伦特罗检测结果呈阳性的游泳运动员洗脱罪名。

In its report, China even identified the three athletes by name: Wang Shun, who at the Tokyo Olympics became the second Chinese man to win an individual gold medal in swimming; Qin Haiyang, the current world-record holder in the 200-meter men’s breaststroke; and Yang Junxuan, who was 14 or 15 at the time of her positive test in 2017 but went on to win gold and silver medals at the Tokyo Games.

在报告中，中国甚至指出了这三名运动员的名字：汪顺，他在东京奥运会上成为第二位获得个人游泳金牌的中国男性运动员；覃海洋，他是男子200米蛙泳世界纪录保持者；杨浚瑄，她在2017年药检结果呈阳性时只有十四五岁，后来在东京奥运会上获得了金牌和银牌。

In April, Yang set the Chinese national record in the women’s 100-meter freestyle.

今年4月，杨浚瑄在女子100米自由泳中创造了中国国家纪录。

As WADA noted in its statement on Friday, the issue of contamination positives for clenbuterol ultimately became so common that WADA changed its guidelines in 2019: The drug would still be banned and considered in the category that comes with the harshest penalties, but the threshold for a positive result was raised.

世界反兴奋剂机构在周五的声明中指出的那样，克伦特罗的污染阳性问题最终变得非常普遍，以至于世界反兴奋剂机构在2019年修改了其指导方针：该药物仍将被禁用，并被归入最严厉的处罚类别，但阳性结果的门槛提高了。

Still, under WADA’s rules and procedures at the time, athletes who claimed clenbuterol contamination were required to identify the source of the tainted food they had eaten and to obtain proof that it was indeed contaminated. This was a high bar to clear, and many athletes failed to do so — often leading to multiyear bans.

不过，根据世界反兴奋剂机构当时的规定和程序，声称受到克伦特罗污染的运动员必须确定他们所食用受污染食物的来源，并提供证据，证明食物确实受到污染。这是一个很高的门槛，许多运动员没有做到这一点，往往导致多年禁赛。

Even if the Chinese athletes were able to prove the contamination, however, under the rules in place in 2016 and 2017 their country’s antidoping agency was required by WADA’s code to publicly disclose that they had tested positive. And if the athlete had tested positive during a competition, their results were supposed to be stricken from the official records.

然而，即使中国运动员能够证明自己受到了污染，根据2016年和2017年实施的规则，中国的反兴奋剂机构也必须按照世界反兴奋剂机构的规定，公开披露他们的检测结果呈阳性。如果运动员在比赛中检测结果为阳性，他们的成绩就应从官方记录中删除。

Yet in the case of the three Chinese swimmers, there is no indication that China’s antidoping agency followed those rules, nor is there anything in the public record documenting that the athletes tested positive.

然而，在这三名中国游泳运动员的案例中，没有迹象表明中国的反兴奋剂机构遵守了这些规定，公开记录中也没有任何证据表明这些运动员的检测结果呈阳性。

According to China’s timeline, their positive tests in 2016 and 2017 occurred as the country was faced with an even earlier accusation of unpunished doping among its swimmers.

根据中国的时间表，他们在2016年和2017年的检测结果呈阳性时，中国正面临着对其游泳运动员使用兴奋剂而不受惩罚的指控。

In 2016, The Times of London, citing whistle-blowers in China, reported that the Chinese authorities were covering up five positive doping tests because they wanted to avoid disclosing them before the trials for that year’s Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.

2016年，伦敦《泰晤士报》的报道援引中国举报者的话，称中国当局掩盖了五项兴奋剂检测结果呈阳性的情况，因为中国当局希望避免在当年里约热内卢夏季奥运会选拔赛之前披露这些结果的情况。

The day after the Times of London article was published, China’s antidoping agency publicly acknowledged that six of its swimmers had tested positive for banned drugs. Three of those positives had occurred six months earlier, in 2015, it said, and were for clenbuterol. China declined to identify the other substances or the names of any of the athletes.

伦敦《泰晤士报》那篇文章发表的第二天，中国的反兴奋剂机构公开承认，六名中国游泳运动员的禁药检测结果呈阳性。报告称，其中三项阳性结果发生在六个月前的2015年，涉及克伦特罗。中国拒绝透露其他药物的名称或任何运动员的姓名。

At the time, WADA was engulfed in a separate scandal involving Russia’s state-backed doping program. It responded immediately, describing the allegations about Chinese positives as “very serious” and vowing to deal with the situation “head on.” Yet no known formal action was ever taken.

当时，世界反兴奋剂机构陷入了另一起丑闻，涉及俄罗斯政府支持的兴奋剂计划。它立即作出回应，称有关中国阳性检测结果的指控“非常严重”，并发誓要“正面”处理这种情况。然而，没有任何已知的正式行动。

The discovery of even more hidden positives, and the prospect that some of the athletes involved will compete for medals at the Paris Olympic Games, is almost incomprehensible for other Olympians, said Mr. Koehler, of Global Athlete, who served as a deputy director of WADA until 2018.

全球运动员组织的科勒说，发现更多隐藏的阳性结果，以及一些涉事运动员将在巴黎奥运会上争夺奖牌的前景，对其他奥运选手来说几乎是无法理解的。科勒在2018年之前一直担任世界反兴奋剂机构的副主任。

“It will bring athletes’ confidence in the system to an all-time low, which I didn’t think was possible,” he said.

“这将使运动员对反兴奋剂体系的信心降至历史最低点，我曾认为这是不可能的，”他说。