纽约时报中文网 - 中英对照版-中英美国寻求与欧洲联手应对中国廉价商品出口激增

Treasury Secretary Janet L. Yellen said on Tuesday that the United States and Europe needed to work together to push back against China’s excess industrial capacity, warning that a wave of cheap Chinese exports represents a grave threat to the global economy.

美国财政部长耶伦周二表示，美国和欧洲在抵制中国工业产能过剩上需要携手合作，并警告说，中国大量出口廉价商品对全球经济构成严重威胁。

Ms. Yellen’s remarks, delivered during a speech in Germany, highlighted what is expected to be a central topic of discussion when the Group of 7 finance ministers meet in Italy this week.

耶伦是在德国的一次演讲中发表这番言论的，突出了七国集团财长本周在意大利举行会议时预计将讨论的中心议题。

“China’s industrial policy may seem remote as we sit here in this room, but if we do not respond strategically and in a united way, the viability of businesses in both our countries and around the world could be at risk,” Ms. Yellen said at the Frankfurt School of Finance and Management, where she received an honorary doctoral degree.

“中国的产业政策对坐在这个房间里的我们来说或许看起来很遥远，但如果我们不战略性地、团结一致地做出反应，我们两国和世界各地的企业都会面临生存风险，”耶伦在法兰克福金融与管理学院接受荣誉博士学位时说。

China’s excessive production of green energy technology has become a pressing trans-Atlantic concern in recent months. Officials in President Biden’s administration have grown increasingly worried that his efforts to finance domestic manufacturing of clean energy and other next-generation technologies will be undercut by China, which is churning out steel, electric cars and solar panels at a rapid clip.

近几个月来，中国过度生产绿色能源技术已成为大西洋两岸面临的一个紧迫问题。拜登政府的官员越来越担心，他为美国国内的清洁能源和其他下一代技术制造提供资金的努力将受到中国廉价出口的削弱，中国正在生产大量的钢铁、电动汽车和太阳能电池板。

The Biden administration is now looking to Europe to help the developed world prevent the kind of China shock of the early 2000s, which helped decimate manufacturing in exchange for cheap goods. Last week, Mr. Biden increased tariffs on some Chinese imports, including levying a 100 percent tax on electric vehicles. He also formally left in place levies on more than $300 billion worth of Chinese goods that President Donald J. Trump had imposed.

拜登政府正在寻求欧洲的帮助，以防止发达国家遭受2000年代初的那种中国冲击，当时廉价商品的涌入导致西方制造业的重创。上周，拜登提高了对部分中国进口商品的关税，包括对电动汽车征收100%的关税。他还正式保留了特朗普任内对价值逾3000亿美元的中国商品征收的关税。

The United States hopes that a united front will convince China that its largest trading partners are prepared to erect trade barriers that will prevent Chinese electric vehicles, batteries and panels from dominating Western markets.

美国希望与欧洲建立统一战线的做法能让中国相信，其最大的贸易伙伴们已做好了设置贸易壁垒的准备，以阻止中国的电动汽车、电池和太阳能电池板主导西方市场。

Ms. Yellen emphasized on Tuesday that the United States was not trying to carry out an anti-China policy, but said China’s actions posed a threat to the global economy that warranted a coordinated response.

耶伦周二强调，美国并非试图实行反华政策，但她表示，中国的做法对全球经济构成威胁，需要各国采取协调一致的应对措施。

She pointed to China’s push to dominate clean energy technology and other sectors, saying that ambition “could also prevent countries around the world, including emerging markets, from building the industries that could power their growth.”

她指出，中国力图主导清洁能源技术和其他领域，称这种野心“也会阻止世界各地的国家，包括新兴市场国家，发展能推动本国经济增长的产业”。

The trend toward protectionist policies is likely to become another point of contention between China and the world’s most advanced economies. Liu Pengyu, a spokesman for the Chinese Embassy in Washington, derided Mr. Biden’s decision to impose new tariffs on Chinese goods last week as a “political maneuver.”

走向保护主义政策的趋势可能会成为中国与世界最发达的经济体之间的另一个争论点。中国驻美国大使馆发言人刘鹏宇嘲笑拜登上周对中国商品征收新关税的决定是“政治操弄”。

“We hope the U.S. can take a positive view of China’s development and stop using overcapacity as an excuse for trade protectionism,” Mr. Liu said.

“我们希望美方能够积极看待中国的发展，停止以产能过剩为借口实施贸易保护主义，”刘鹏宇说。

The new U.S. tariffs could put additional pressure on Europe to erect trade barriers of its own to prevent China from redirecting more of its exports there. Europe’s officials are already considering additional levies on Chinese cars, which pose a particular threat to Germany.

美国的新关税可能会给欧洲带来更多压力，迫使其设置自己的贸易壁垒，以防止中国将更多的出口转向欧洲。欧洲官员已在考虑对中国汽车征收额外的关税，中国的汽车出口尤其对德国构成威胁。

About 37 percent of all electric vehicle imports to Europe are produced in China, including Chinese brands and ones made by Tesla and German automakers with plants there. Europe is the world’s second-biggest E.V. market, and imports there skyrocketed last year to $11.5 billion, from $1.6 billion in 2020.

欧洲进口的电动汽车中约有37%来自中国，其中包括中国品牌，以及特斯拉和德国汽车制造商在中国的工厂生产的汽车。欧洲是世界第二大电动汽车市场，进口额已从2020年的16亿美元猛增至去年的115亿美元。

The European Commission is investigating whether Chinese state subsidies intended to help the country’s companies make cheap cars are damaging Europe’s auto industry. The sector provides nearly 14 million direct and indirect jobs in Europe, and the six million cars that it exported last year generated a trade surplus of more than 100 billion euros.

欧盟委员会正在调查中国政府为帮助本国企业生产廉价汽车提供的补贴是否正在损害欧洲的汽车行业。该行业为欧洲提供近1400万个直接和间接的就业岗位，去年出口的600万辆汽车创造了逾1000亿欧元的贸易顺差。

Europe’s investigation could result in preliminary duties on Chinese electric vehicle imports as soon as July, though any tariffs are likely to be far lower than the 100 percent imposed by the Biden administration. But unlike Europe, which is already importing cars from China, the United States has erected several barriers to prevent Chinese E.V.s from coming to its shores.

欧洲的调查可能会导致最早在今年7月对中国电动汽车进口征收初步的关税，但税率可能会远低于拜登政府征收的100%。与已经从中国进口汽车的欧洲不同，美国已经设置了几道阻止中国电动汽车进入美国市场的壁垒。

Europe’s investigation into China’s subsidies and whether they merit tariffs has aggravated a political divide. Some countries, such as Germany, which is Europe’s biggest maker of electric cars, have been against an investigation. German officials are wary of pressing penalties that might incite Beijing to shut out German carmakers such as BMW and Volkswagen.

欧洲对中国的补贴，以及是否因这种补贴应该征收关税的调查已加剧了政治分歧。一些国家，比如欧洲最大的电动汽车制造商所在的德国，一直反对这项调查。德国官员担心，对中国采取处罚措施，可能会促使北京将宝马和大众等德国汽车制造商驱逐出中国市场。

Chancellor Olaf Scholz said in a speech in Stockholm last week, “We should not forget: European manufacturers, and also some American ones, are successful on the Chinese market and also sell a lot of vehicles that are produced in Europe to China.” He added that at least half of electric vehicles imported to Europe from China were Western brands.

德国总理肖尔茨上周在斯德哥尔摩发表讲话时说，“我们不应该忘记：欧洲制造商（以及一些美国制造商）在中国市场上是成功的，它们已将欧洲生产的大量汽车销往中国。”他补充说，从中国进口到欧洲的电动汽车中至少有一半是西方品牌。

Ursula von der Leyen, the European Commission president, has been pushing for “de-risking” Europe’s relationship with China. Her approach is backed by President Emmanuel Macron of France, who hosted his Chinese counterpart, Xi Jinping, this month and has urged Brussels to step up protection against what his administration sees as unfair Chinese competition.

欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩一直在推动欧洲对华关系问题上“去风险”。她的做法得到了法国总统马克龙的支持。马克龙本月接待了到访的中国国家主席习近平。他一直敦促欧盟加强保护，抵御他的政府所认为的中国不公平竞争。

The Brussels investigation has focused less on whether China is dumping large numbers of cars into Europe and more on how subsidies have allowed E.V.s made by BYD, Geely and SAIC, the three biggest Chinese E.V. makers, to offer cut-rate prices. The Chinese government has criticized the European Union for not investigating Western brands with factories in China — including Tesla, which exports more E.V.s from China to the European Union than any other producer.

欧盟的调查不太关心中国是否正在向欧洲倾销大量汽车，而是更多地关注中国政府提供的补贴如何让国内三大电动汽车制造商比亚迪、吉利和上汽降价出售它们生产的电动汽车。中国政府批评欧盟不调查在中国设厂的西方品牌，包括特斯拉，该公司从中国向欧盟出口的电动汽车比任何其他制造商都多。

The Rhodium Group, an independent think tank that focuses on China, said that to compensate for Chinese state subsidies, the European Commission would have to impose duties of up to 50 percent on Chinese E.V.s. But the group suggested that such a move would be unlikely in Europe unless officials took a more “drastic” review of World Trade Organization rules, and suggested that tariff rates of 15 to 30 percent were more realistic.

专注于中国的独立智库荣鼎集团表示，为抵消中国政府的补贴，欧盟委员会可能不得不对中国电动汽车征收最高50%的关税。但该智库认为，欧盟不太可能征收这么高的关税，除非官员们更“断然”地审视世界贸易组织的规则。荣鼎集团认为更现实的关税税率在15%到30%之间。

In the meantime, Chinese electric vehicle makers, including BYD and Great Wall Motor, are setting up factories in Hungary to build cars that would be viewed as European-made products, which could raise trade issues eventually with the United States.

与此同时，包括比亚迪和长城汽车在内的中国电动汽车制造商正在匈牙利建厂，在那里生产可被视为欧洲制造的汽车，这最终可能会引发与美国的贸易问题。

The Biden administration is watching with similar concern as Chinese car companies invest in factories in Mexico, which could potentially be used to enter the U.S. market.

拜登政府也对中国汽车公司在墨西哥投资建厂有类似的担忧，中国汽车可能从这些工厂进入美国市场。

The approach by the United States and Europe to work together to confront China does pose the risk of retaliation, inflaming trade tensions that could weigh on the world economy. Chinese officials said last week that they would respond to the new trade measures imposed by the United States.

美国和欧洲共同对抗中国的做法确实存在遭到报复的风险，加剧贸易紧张局势，给世界经济带来压力。中国官员上周已表示，他们会对美国实施的新关税做出回应。

In an interview with The New York Times this week, Ms. Yellen argued that the new U.S. tariffs were targeted and that she did not believe that China wanted to escalate tensions.

耶伦本周在接受《纽约时报》采访时说，美国的新关税是有针对性的，她不认为中国想加剧紧张局势。

“I anticipate some response on China’s part, but my hope is that it’s moderate and proportional,” Ms. Yellen said.

“我预料中国会做出一些反应，但我希望反应是温和的、相称的，”耶伦说。